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Concurrent,,,Programming,,,in,,,Java,,,Plain,,,Old,,,Threads,,,Historically,,,,concurrent,,,programming,,,in,,,Java,,,consisted,,,of,,,writing,,,threads,,,through,,,the,,,java.lang.Thread,,,class,,,and,,,the,,,java.lang.Runnable,,,interface,,,,then,,,making,,,sure,,,their,,,code,,,behaved,,,in,,,a,,,correct,,,and,,,consistent,,,fashion,,,with,,,respect,,,to,,,shared,,,mutable,,,objects,,,and,,,avoiding,,,incorrect,,,read/write,,,operations,,,while,,,not,,,creating,,,deadlocks,,,induced,,,by,,,race,,,conditions,,,on,,,lock,,,acquisitions.,,,Hence,,,one,,,thread,,,that,,,tries,,,to,,,access,,,the,,,first,,,hash,,,bucket,,,can,,,acquire,,,the,,,lock,,,for,,,this,,,bucket,,,,while,,,another,,,thread,,,can,,,simultaneously,,,access,,,a,,,second,,,bucket.,,,What,,is,,the,,output,,of,,the,,following,,program?public,,class,,MyThreads,,{,,private,,static,,class,,MyDaemonThread,,extends,,Thread,,{,,public,,MyDaemonThread(),,{,,setDaemon(true);,,},,Override,,public,,void,,run(),,{,,try,,{,,Thread.sleep(1000);,,},,catch,,(InterruptedException,,e),,{,,},,},,},,public,,static,,void,,main(String[],,args),,throws,,InterruptedException,,{,,Thread,,thread,,=,,new,,MyDaemonThread();,,thread.start();,,thread.join();,,System.out.println(thread.isAlive());,,},,},,The,,output,,of,,the,,above,,code,,is,,false.,,One,such,implementation,,introduced,in,Java,SE,8,,is,used,by,the,java.util.Arrays,class,for,its,parallelSort(),methods.,The,,waiting,,threads,,can,,then,,be,,forced,,by,,some,,kind,,of,,exception,,to,,release,,the,,lock,,the,,other,,thread,,is,,waiting,,on.41.,,Is,,it,,possible,,to,,start,,a,,thread,,twice?15.,,For,,,example,,,,the,,,completion,,,of,,,a,,,thread’s,,,execution,,,might,,,depend,,,on,,,other,,,threads,,,having,,,completed,,,their,,,execution.,,,The,,idea,,is,,to,,split,,the,,data,,space,,to,,be,,processed,,by,,an,,algorithm,,into,,smaller,,,independent,,chunks.,,

As,,you,,can,,see,,,there,,is,,a,,near-linear,,speedup,,in,,the,,number,,of,,cores,,with,,minimal,,effort,,,because,,the,,fork/join,,framework,,takes,,care,,of,,maximizing,,parallelism.,,The,,JVM,,stops,,when,,all,,user,,threads,,(in,,contrast,,to,,the,,daemon,,threads),,are,,terminated.,,It,,can,,be,,registered,,by,,invoking,,addShutdownHook(Runnable),,on,,the,,Runtime,,instance:,,Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new,,Thread(),,{,,Override,,public,,void,,run(),,{,,},,});,,28.,,You,,,can,,,apply,,,this,,,technique,,,to,,,your,,,own,,,problems,,,and,,,data,,,models,,,,too.,,,Intuitively,,the,number,of,occurrences,of,a,word,in,a,folder,is,the,sum,of,those,in,each,of,its,subfolders,and,documents.,How,many,threads,does,a,Java,program,have,at,least?Each,Java,program,is,executed,within,the,main,thread;,hence,each,Java,application,has,at,least,one,thread.6.,},,},,30.,,Fork/Join,,,Tasks,,,Overview,,,Executors,,,are,,,a,,,big,,,step,,,forward,,,compared,,,to,,,plain,,,old,,,threads,,,because,,,executors,,,ease,,,the,,,management,,,of,,,concurrent,,,tasks.,,,How,can,a,thread,be,woken,up,that,has,been,put,to,sleep,before,using,Thread.sleep()?The,method,interrupt(),of,java.lang.Thread,interrupts,a,sleeping,thread.,

If,,,any,,,thread,,,terminates,,,through,,,failure,,,during,,,execution,,,before,,,shutdown,,,,a,,,new,,,thread,,,will,,,be,,,created,,,to,,,take,,,its,,,place,,,when,,,subsequent,,,tasks,,,need,,,to,,,be,,,executed.,,,Prior,,,to,,,Java,,,SE,,,7,,,,properly,,,closing,,,multiple,,,resources,,,quickly,,,turned,,,into,,,a,,,nightmare,,,of,,,nested,,,if/try/catch/finally,,,blocks,,,that,,,were,,,often,,,hard,,,to,,,write,,,correctly.,,,What,,operations,,are,,atomic,,in,,Java?36.,,Finally,,,,a,,,discussion,,,on,,,the,,,approach,,,precedes,,,the,,,conclusion.,,,Hence,,calling,,isAlive(),,on,,the,,thread,,instance,,reveals,,that,,the,,daemon,,thread,,is,,no,,longer,,running.26.,,In,such,cases,,their,control,flow,needs,to,be,coordinated.,The,pool’s,threads,exist,until,the,executor,is,shut,down.,

That,is,the,“map”,phase.,Is,,it,,possible,,to,,prevent,,deadlocks,,at,,all?In,,order,,to,,prevent,,deadlocks,,one,,(or,,more),,of,,the,,requirements,,for,,a,,deadlock,,has,,to,,be,,eliminated:Mutual,,exclusion:,,In,,some,,situation,,it,,is,,possible,,to,,prevent,,mutual,,exclusion,,by,,using,,optimistic,,locking.Resource,,holding:,,A,,thread,,may,,release,,all,,its,,exclusive,,locks,,,when,,it,,does,,not,,succeed,,in,,obtaining,,all,,exclusive,,locks.No,,preemption:,,Using,,a,,timeout,,for,,an,,exclusive,,lock,,frees,,the,,lock,,after,,a,,given,,amount,,of,,time.Circular,,wait:,,When,,all,,exclusive,,locks,,are,,obtained,,by,,all,,threads,,in,,the,,same,,sequence,,,no,,circular,,wait,,occurs.40.,,Standard,,,Java,,,threading,,,has,,,some,,,downsides,,,,however:,,,Java’s,,,low-level,,,concurrency,,,primitives,,,(synchronized,,,,volatile,,,,wait(),,,,notify(),,,,and,,,notifyAll()),,,aren’t,,,easy,,,to,,,use,,,correctly.,,,What,,,is,,,a,,,shutdown,,,hook?28.,,,JCGs,,,serve,,,the,,,Java,,,,SOA,,,,Agile,,,and,,,Telecom,,,communities,,,with,,,daily,,,news,,,written,,,by,,,domain,,,experts,,,,articles,,,,tutorials,,,,reviews,,,,announcements,,,,code,,,snippets,,,and,,,open,,,source,,,projects.DisclaimerAll,,,trademarks,,,and,,,registered,,,trademarks,,,appearing,,,on,,,Java,,,Code,,,Geeks,,,are,,,the,,,property,,,of,,,their,,,respective,,,owners.,,,What,,,is,,,a,,,daemon,,,thread?A,,,daemon,,,thread,,,is,,,a,,,thread,,,whose,,,execution,,,state,,,is,,,not,,,evaluated,,,when,,,the,,,JVM,,,decides,,,if,,,it,,,should,,,stop,,,or,,,not.,,,

These,,variables,,wrap,,common,,primitive,,types,,,such,,as,,integers,,or,,Booleans,,,as,,well,,as,,references,,to,,other,,objects.,,The,,usual,,well-known,,example,,is,,that,,of,,the,,producer/consumer,,,because,,the,,producer,,should,,wait,,for,,the,,consumer,,if,,the,,consumer’s,,queue,,is,,full,,,and,,the,,consumer,,should,,wait,,for,,the,,producer,,when,,empty.,,Why,,,should,,,a,,,thread,,,not,,,be,,,stopped,,,by,,,calling,,,its,,,method,,,stop()?A,,,thread,,,should,,,not,,,be,,,stopped,,,by,,,using,,,the,,,deprecated,,,methods,,,stop(),,,of,,,java.lang.Thread,,,,as,,,a,,,call,,,of,,,this,,,method,,,causes,,,the,,,thread,,,to,,,unlock,,,all,,,monitors,,,it,,,has,,,acquired.,,,Java,,,101:,,,Java,,,concurrency,,,without,,,the,,,pain,,,,Part,,,2,,,Learn,,,how,,,the,,,Java,,,Concurrency,,,Utilities,,,handle,,,locking,,,,atomic,,,variables,,,,and,,,fork/join.,,,In,,,Java,,,,what,,,is,,,a,,,process,,,and,,,a,,,thread?4.,,,In,,,this,,,case,,,the,,,thread,,,is,,,stopped,,,by,,,the,,,Java,,,Virtual,,,Machine.,,, 24365d85ca

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